Senator Taft's early warning of Soviet propaganda in WWII Voice of America

Cold War Radio Museum

Could a foreign power such as Russia try to infiltrate the Voice of America (VOA) or influence its executives, broadcasters and programs? Could U.S. government-hired journalists and program contributors, acting on their own, support in VOA broadcasts accommodation with authoritarian rulers in countries such as China, Cuba, Iran or even North Korea? Could one-sided propaganda produced by federal employees, which fails to project an objective and balanced view of the United States or news developments abroad, be distributed domestically to unsuspecting Americans?

It all happened with regard to Russia during World War II, mostly because President Franklin Delano Roosevelt appointed managers, and the agency in charge of Voice of America broadcasts hired journalists, who while with a few exceptions not actual Soviet agents, were highly sympathetic to the Soviet Union and supportive of communist ideology and propaganda.

One of the earliest warnings of Soviet influence within the Office of War Information (O. W. I.), where radio broadcasts for foreign audiences which only later became known as the Voice of America originated during the war, was a Republican U.S. Senator from Ohio, Robert A. Taft.

In a speech on the Senate floor on April 19, 1943, Senator Taft warned of “ugly rumors abroad” that much of American “short-wave broadcasting is futile and idiotic, and very inferior to that of other nations.”

“It is said that some of it is communistic and some of it is fascistic, and that much of it tries to play European politics, about which we know nothing, instead of presenting the American point of view,” Senator Taft added.

There was no evidence that any of VOA programming during the war was intentionally pro-Nazi—it was intended to be strongly anti-Nazi—although some of the simplistic anti-Nazi propaganda could have been seen as having an impact contrary to its intended aims.

There was, however, clear evidence of massive VOA propaganda in favor of the Soviet Union and Stalin’s plans to control Eastern Europe to the point of harming American interests and damaging America’s other allies and their democratic governments against whom some of the Soviet-inspired VOA propaganda was directed.

Thanks to several lawmakers, the U.S. Congress became aware of World War II Voice of America communist propaganda in broadcasts to Yugoslavia, Poland and other countries in Europe and Asia. Outraged members of Congress of both parties managed to reduce the budget of the propaganda agency for its domestic operations but had only limited success in preventing pro-Soviet and pro-communist messages from being broadcast overseas by managers and journalists who were highly supportive of Stalin’s Russia and communist causes. A few journalists, including a former communist Julius Epstein, a Jewish refugee from Nazi Germany who disagreed with the pro-Kremlin line in Voice of America wartime broadcasts and warned about the threat from Soviet communism, were marginalized and pushed out.[ref]Julius Epstein, “The O.W.I. and the Voice of America,” a reprint from the Polish American Journal, Scranton, Pennsylvania, 1951.[/ref]

In a previously secret and now still little known collusion with Russia, U.S. officials controlling the agency in charge of VOA were coordinating American domestic and foreign propaganda with Soviet propaganda during World War II. While Russia was America’s military ally against Nazi Germany, much of the American propaganda was harmful to anti-Nazi and anti-communist supporters of democracy.

Only after the war, as a result of earlier scandals, the passage of the 1948 Smith-Mundt Act ensured strict security background checks for Voice of America broadcasters. The postwar legislation also prevented VOA from having its programs distributed domestically to propagandize to Americans, as O. W. I. broadcasters were allowed to do during the war.

Both Polish and Czechoslovak services of the Voice of America during the war had communists working as managers and journalists.

Support for Stalin and his plans to install pro-Soviet governments in Eastern Europe continued unabated in Voice of America programs until at least 1945, if not much longer, although not with the same intensity as during the war. Some of the censorship of news reports about communist crimes continued at the Voice of America until the early 1950s.

At least two World War II Voice of America journalists who earlier held key positions in the Polish Service (Stefan Arski, a.k.a Artur Salman) and the Czechoslovak Service (service chief Dr. Adolf Hoffmeister), went to work for communist regimes after the war. Arski became an influential anti-U.S. propagandist in communist-ruled Poland, while Hoffmeister was Czechoslovak Ambassador to France from 1948 to 1951. Hoffmeister later had a falling out with the communist regime while Arski remained a loyal communist.

It should be noted that during World War II, the name “Voice of America” was not commonly used and these programs were not referred to as VOA or Voice of America; they were referred to as originated by the O. W. I.

Broadcasts for overseas audiences were produced by O. W. I.’s Overseas Division in New York. Congressman Roy Woodruff (R-MI) in his speech to the House of Representatives on April 20, 1943 accused the O. W. I. of broadcasting communist propaganda.

“I cannot understand why the Director of War Information is feeding Communist propaganda to the American people in regard to the conditions in Yugoslavia,” Congressman Woodruff told the House of Representatives. At that time, propaganda broadcasts, as they were often described by O.W.I. officials using this term, were also redistributed and rebroadcast in the United States. “…now reports are constantly reaching me and other Members of Congress that the propaganda activities of the Polish Unit of O. W. I.’s Overseas Division are destroying rather than building the morale of the helpless Polish people,” Rep. Woodruff told the House of Representatives.

“If It is true that Communists have infiltrated into the O.W.I.’s Overseas Division and are following the party line in their propaganda to Poland, as well as other countries, then it is an outrageous violation of the faith that is reposed in Elmer Davis and Robert Sherwood,” Rep. Woodruff continued. “If this is not true, then the Polish people in America are entitled to have allayed the rumors which may be enemy inspired,” he added. As it turned out, his information was accurate.

A little over a year later, Congressman John Lesinski (D-MI) told the House of Representatives in remarks inserted in the Congressional Record on June 23, 1944: “Under present war restrictions, news in regard to our allies—or, for that matter, any foreign country—is not printed unless it has the approval of the Office of War Information, of which Hon. Elmer Davis is Director.” “I have followed with a great deal of interest the releases in regard to Yugoslavia, and I cannot understand why the Director of War Information is feeding Communist propaganda to the American people in regard to the conditions in Yugoslavia,” Lesinski added.[ref]90 Cong. Rec. (Bound) – Volume 90, Part 5 (June 13, 1944 to August 24, 1944), June 23, 1944, A3320-A3322[/ref]

Alarmed by pro-Soviet and pro-FDR propaganda being pushed by U.S. government employees at taxpayers’ expense on Americans, including American soldiers fighting overseas, Senator Robert Taft introduced a resolution in 1943 demanding that all O. W. I. materials, including what would now be described as Voice of America broadcasts in English and foreign languages, be made available for inspection by congressional staff and media.

“Propaganda by any government is basically dangerous,” Senator Taft told the U.S. Senate. “Surely in the United States of America there is no reason why it should be conducted in secret,” he added.

But the Office of War Information and its broadcasts for overseas audiences also had a few defenders in the U.S. Congress. On June 29, 1943, Congressman Emanuel Celler (D-NY), who at other times praised Stalin and the Soviet Union as defenders of peace, progress and democracy, inserted in the Congressional Record several articles defending the Office of War Information from congressional attempts to cut its budget for domestic or foreign propaganda activities.

[From the Birmingham Age Harold of June 21, 1943] “The fundamental error lies in the assumption that the work of the Domestic Division of the Office of War Information is concerned with propaganda and not the dissemination of news. It overlooks the fact that it can well be the duty of a Government to see that the people are correctly informed and as completely informed as possible, always, of course, with the provision that no restrictions be placed upon the private gathering and publishing of news.” [ref]89 Cong. Rec. (Bound) – Volume 89, Part 11 (June 9, 1943 to December 21, 1943), A3307.[/ref]

[From the Asheville Citizen of June 21, 1943] “Congress could not very well extinguish the whole Office of War Information program, which is integrated so securely with military operations. To Mr. Davis’ credit he has acknowledged that the Office of War Information’s overseas work is ‘frankly propaganda.’ And most everyone knows or should know its necessary uses in wartime.”[ref]Ibid. A3308.[/ref]

In his April 19, 1943 speech on the Senate floor and in introducing his resolution calling for making transcripts and translations of broadcasts available to Congress and media, Senator Robert Taft, who had a far more skeptical view of the precursor of the Voice of America than Congressman Celler, was not advocating that U.S. government-originated radio programs be rebroadcast in the United States. He was strongly against it. His objective was to get these taxpayer-funded and government-produced broadcasts translated into English and made easily accessible in order to be scrutinized by members of Congress, their staff and American media. The 1948 Smith-Mundt Act made this possible, although translating large amounts of recorded material was never a feasible proposition due to its complexity and high cost and were not attempted, but mandating random translations could have achieved the same purpose. Congressman Celler, like many other progressive Democrats at that time, was blinded by Soviet propaganda. He was, however, a strong critic of the Roosevelt administration for ignoring the Holocaust and not doing more to save European Jews from Nazi extermination.

Pro-Kremlin officials in charge of wartime VOA and some of its broadcasters thought that they knew better what was good for the United States, the war effort and world peace. Sincere believers in Soviet propaganda they were helping to spread to others through Voice of America programs, these progressive Americans and some foreign-born leftist journalists and a few communists simply could not believe that Stalin was a mass murderer and communism was a murderous ideology. This is what scholar of U.S. World War II propaganda Holly Cowan Shulman, who is the daughter of one of the early VOA directors, Louis G. Cowan, and the sister of a later VOA director, Geoffrey Cowan, wrote about the Voice of America propagandists in her book “The Voice of America: Propaganda and Democracy, 1941-1945” published in 1990 by The University of Wisconsin Press:

“Sherwood, Barnes, Wartburg, and Johnson, and their like-minds colleagues the Overseas Branch [OWI’s Voice of America] believed that propaganda could mold and influence foreign policy. Propaganda, in other words, was not merely an expression of policy made by others. The propagandists believed they could make their own version of American foreign policy come true. They believed they were right; they argued that they understood the foreign influence of American policy ways that the State Department, and even the president, did not; and they used the Voice of America to enter the foreign policy debate between members of the Roosevelt’s administration.”[ref]Holly Cowan Shulman, The Voice of America: Propaganda and Democracy, 1941-1945, 91.[/ref]

Holly Cowan Shulman also discovered in her research that during World War II the Holocaust was largely ignored by the Voice of America.[ref]Holly Cowan Shullman, “The Voice of America, US Propaganda and the Holocaust: ‘I Would Have Remembered’,” Historical Journal of Film, Radio & Television 17, no. 1 (March 1997): 91-103.[/ref]

Former VOA program director, journalist Alan L. Heil, Jr., in his book “Voice of America: A History” presents what is still the official version of VOA’s early history as an organization committed from the first 1942 VOA broadcast in German to rejecting lies and propaganda. In his book, Heil quotes William Harlan Hale’s promise in the first 1942 VOA broadcast in German: “The news may be bad. But we shall tell you the truth.”

In describing VOA’s “founding fathers,” Robert E. Sherwood, Elmer Davis, John Houseman, Joseph Barnes, Edd Johnson, and James Warburg, Heil makes no mention of VOA’s pro-Soviet propaganda, censorship, and lies to shield Stalin during World War II and even later from accusations of mass murders. Heil mentions British influence over VOA broadcasts only in passing and quotes extensively John Houseman’s later statements asserting, quite falsely, his own commitment to broadcasting nothing other than the truth. Houseman, a Hollywood actor, is considered to be the first director of the Voice of America even though the broadcasts initially had no such name. He was forced to resign in 1943 after a controversy over a VOA broadcast calling Victor Emmanuel III “Moronic Little King” in line with the Soviet and Italian communist propaganda. This was too much even for the Roosevelt White House as it could have endangered the lives of American soldiers fighting in Italy. Alan Heil wrote in his book that when Houseman visited VOA for its fortieth-anniversary celebration, he told the audience that “honest reporting had been the key to the Voice’s credibility.”

“‘We went on the air…with no name, out of a cramped studio, on borrowed transmitters, with absolutely no direction from anyone as to what we should broadcast other than the truth.”[ref]Alan Heil, Jr. Voice of America: A History.(New York: Columbia University Press, 2003), p. 37.[/ref]

“‘In reality,’ said John Houseman on VOA’s fortieth anniversary, we had little choice [in broadcasting news of early U.S. military defeats and losses]. …Only thus could we establish a reputation for honesty that we hoped would pay off on that distant but inevitable day when we would start reporting our own invasions and victories.”[ref]Ibid. p. 35.[/ref]

Houseman did not say that the promise to tell the truth did not apply to Soviet Russia, Stalin and a few other sensitive topics.

While Voice of America’s WWII record of pro-Soviet propaganda broadcasting and its reluctance to challenge Soviet propaganda in the late 1940s and early 1950s was a shameful albeit still little known period in its history, VOA programming improved during the later years of the Cold War as a result of constant congressional criticism and contributed to the fall of communism in Eastern Europe, especially during the Ronald Reagan administration.

Not all former VOA officials agree. Alan Heil wrote that Houseman’s theme of “honest reporting” “sustained VOA through the difficult winter of 1981/1982.” He was referring to the Reagan administration’s personnel changes and reforms which were enthusiastically embraced by many of VOA’s foreign language services, whose broadcasters hoped for more freedom in reporting on criticism of communist regimes, and strongly resisted by some of the longtime managers and some of the VOA Central Newsroom reporters who feared the return of anti-Soviet propaganda. In the end, Reagan reforms lead to significant increases in audience reach and influence behind the already crumbling Iron Curtain and most likely speeded up the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of East European communist regimes.

As President John F. Kennedy noted earlier in his 1962 speech delivered on the occasion of VOA’s twentieth anniversary, the overall assessment of the Voice of America has been positive:

JOHN F. KENNEDY, 26 FEBRUARY 1962: “I know that there are those who are always critical of the Voice, but I believe that over the years, faced with this very difficult challenge, far more difficult than that of an American editor or a newspaperman, or a commentator on an American radio or television station, you have been able to tell our story in a way which makes it believable and credible. And that is what I hope you will continue to do in the future.”[ref] Papers of John F. Kennedy. Presidential Papers. President’s Office Files. Speech Files. Remarks on the 20th anniversary of the Voice of America, 26 February 1962[/ref]

New Senator Robert Taft of Ohio speaks to the Washington Press Club on 19 January 1939. Harris-Ewing collection at the Library of Congress. Photo from Harris-Ewing collection [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Congressional Record—Senate

78th Congress

VOLUME 89–PART 3

APRIL 19, 1943

Pages 3543-3544

DISCLOSURE OF GOVERNMENT PROPAGANDA MATERIAL

Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, I am submitting today in the Senate two resolutions requiring the Office of War Information and the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs to file with the Secretary of the Senate all propaganda material which this country is distributing to the people of foreign nations and to its own armed forces.

Under present conditions, propaganda is undoubtedly a valuable weapon in the war, although I think its importance is overemphasized by many. Paced with a propaganda directed against us, it is undoubtedly necessary to resort to counter-propaganda and to psychological attacks upon the morale of the enemy. Our Government is, therefore, spending millions of dollars today on short-wave propaganda to foreign countries in every conceivable language and for the distribution of printed matter throughout the world.

It is obvious to me that the people of the United States want to know what is being said in their behalf. What promises are being made? What statements of national policy are being disseminated throughout the world? Ugly rumors are abroad that much of this short-wave broadcasting is futile and idiotic, and very inferior to that of other nations. It is said that some of it is communistic and some of it is fascistic, and that much of it tries to play European politics, about which we know nothing, instead of presenting the American point of view.

We certainly do not wish to be accused later of double-crossing foreign people because we do not carry out the statements made secretly in our behalf and without our knowledge by irresponsible Government employees, many of whom are not even Americans. There can be no claim that this material must be kept secret, for in its very nature it is being broadcast to all the world. It is already in the hands of all enemy governments and United Nations governments. Only in America it seems to be impossible to obtain copies, and the American people are the only people in the world who do not have access to it.

Finally, it is important that there be a complete historical record of all features of this propaganda organization. Unless an official record is required, much of the material is likely to be destroyed. Perhaps some of It is already destroyed.

I am also submitting a resolution to require the filing of O. W. I. material distributed to the armed forces. Conceivably some of this may require secrecy, and I have therefore provided that upon request of the general staffs secrecy will be ordered, but I doubt whether the heads of the armed forces are transmitting any secret orders or instructions to their soldiers and sailors through the O. W. I. Samples of O. W. I. propaganda which we have already seen lead me to doubt seriously whether the soldiers are receiving an impartial account of the facts dealt with by the propaganda they receive. Propaganda by any government is basically dangerous. We have seen the effects of its misuse in foreign lands. Surely in the United States of America there is no reason why it should be conducted in secret.

The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. The two resolutions submitted by the Senator from Ohio will be received and appropriately referred.

The resolution (S. Res. 140) was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary, as follows:

Whereas the Government of the United States during the war period has found it necessary to embark upon a campaign of transmitting news, information, and propaganda to the peoples of foreign lands by radio, written literature, and motion pictures; and

Whereas it is highly desirable that the Congress and the people of the United States have full information regarding the matter which is thus being distributed, including particularly the policies declared and promises made in their behalf; and

Whereas, although this matter is being widely disseminated to enemy nations and is necessarily fully available to the people of enemy nations and of the United Nations, but is not available to the American people, the Congress of the United States, and the American press and radio: Now, therefore, be it

Resolved, That the Director of the Office of War Information and the Coordinator or Inter-American Affairs are hereby directed to file with the Secretary of the Senate of the United States within 2 weeks after the passage of this resolution:

(1) Authoritative transcripts of all material broadcast since January 1, 1943. by short wave or otherwise, to countries other than the United States of America, Including the nations of the Western Hemisphere, this material to be deposited both in the language in which it was broadcast and in a direct English translation thereof, together with actual recordings of such broadcasts where such recordings are available;

(2) Copies of all written literature distributed tn any manner among the people of such foreign countries since September 1, 1942, this material to be deposited in the form and language in which it was distributed, and in a direct English translation thereof;

(3) Copies or prints of all motion pictures, or other visual material circulated among the people of such foreign countries since September 1, 1942; be it further

Resolved, That after the adoption of this resolution the Director of the Office of War Information and the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs shall deposit daily with the Secretary of the Senate of the United States the material described In paragraphs (1), (2), and (3) above within 72 hours after any such material reaches the foreign people to whom it is directed; be it further

Resolved, That the material so deposited shall, upon its deposit with the Secretary of the Senate, be available for inspection, study, and publication by authorized representatives of Members of Congress and by authorized representatives of the press, radio, and magazines of the United States.

The resolution (S. Res. 141) was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary, as follows:

Whereas the Office of War Information is producing sound-recorded material, printed material, motion pictures, and other visual material, and distributing the same to the armed forces of the Doited States; and

Whereas the men in such armed forces do not have available all the information and material distributed through ordinary press, radio, and motion-picture channels, and particularly when they are overseas their information is largely dependent on the material supplied by the Office of War Information; and

Whereas the citizens of the United States, and particularly the relatives of members of the armed forces, have a direct and vital interest in knowing what material is supplied to the armed forces:

Now, therefore, be it

Resolved, That the Director of the Office of War Information is hereby directed to deposit with the Secretary of the Senate all such material, whether sound recorded, printed, written, or filmed, within 1 week after such material is distributed to the armed forces of the United States; and be it further

Resolved, that such material shall upon deposit with the Secretary of the Senate, be available for inspection, study, and publication by authorized representatives of Congress and authorized representatives of the press, radio, and magazines of the United States; unless in any ease It is accompanied by a certificate of the General Staff of the Army or the General Staff of the Navy that such material is a military secret, in which case such material shall be deposited in the Congressional Library and preserved for public use whenever the General Staff giving the certificate shall certify that secrecy is no longer necessary.

Biographical Directory

of the

United States Congress

TAFT, Robert Alphonso, (1889 – 1953)

Senate Years of Service: 1939-1953
Party: Republican

TAFT, Robert Alphonso, (son of President William H. Taft, nephew of Charles Phelps Taft, father of Robert Taft, Jr.), a Senator from Ohio; born in Cincinnati, Ohio, September 8, 1889; attended the public schools of Cincinnati, Ohio, and of Manila, Philippine Islands, and Taft School, Watertown, Conn.; graduated from Yale University in 1910 and from Harvard University Law School in 1913; admitted to the Ohio bar in 1913 and commenced practice in Cincinnati, Ohio; director in a number of business enterprises in Cincinnati; assistant counsel, United States Food Administration 1917-1918; counsel, American Relief Administration 1919; member, Ohio house of representatives 1921-1926, serving as speaker and majority leader 1926; member, Ohio Senate 1931-1932; elected as a Republican to the United States Senate in 1938; reelected in 1944 and again in 1950 and served from January 3, 1939, until his death; majority leader 1953; co-chairman, Joint Committee on the Economic Report (Eightieth Congress), chairman, Committee on Labor and Public Welfare (Eightieth Congress), Republican Policy Committee (Eightieth through Eighty-second Congresses); sponsored the Taft-Hartley Act, designed to create equity in collective bargaining between labor and management; unsuccessful candidate in 1940, 1948, and 1952 for the Republican presidential nomination; died in New York City, July 31, 1953; lay in state in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol, August 2-3, 1953; interment in Indian Hill Episcopal Church Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Photo: Courtesy of U.S. Senate Historical Office

Bibliography

American National Biography; Dictionary of American Biography; Patterson, James T. Mr. Republican: A Biography of Robert A. Taft. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972; Wunderlin, Clarence E. Robert A. Taft: Ideas, Tradition, and Party in U.S. Foreign Policy. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2005.

Former Congressman Roy O. Woodruff. Date: before 1953. Source: Library of Congress. Author: National Photo Company.